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- <text id=93TT0621>
- <title>
- Nov. 22, 1993: Victory For A Besieged Virus Hunter
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1993
- Nov. 22, 1993 Where is The Great American Job?
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- SCIENCE, Page 61
- Victory At Last For A Besieged Virus Hunter
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>The government withdraws all misconduct charges against the
- co-discoverer of HIV
- </p>
- <p>By Christine Gorman
- </p>
- <p> Nine years ago, Dr. Robert Gallo was one of science's supernovas.
- When the National Cancer Institute researcher unveiled proof
- that a virus caused AIDS, he had every reason to look forward
- to fame, tidy royalties from the sale of blood-test kits and,
- down the road, maybe even a Nobel Prize. Instead he soon faced
- doubt, criticism and accusations of fraud. In 1985, just a year
- after his historic announcement, a dispute erupted over who
- really identified the AIDS virus--Gallo or Dr. Luc Montagnier
- of the Pasteur Institute in Paris. The two agreed in 1987 to
- share credit for the discovery, but Gallo's travails weren't
- over.
- </p>
- <p> Two years later, the researcher was crucified by reporting in
- the Chicago Tribune, and Michigan Congressman John Dingell demanded
- a government investigation. Perhaps the low point for Gallo
- came this year when Alan Alda portrayed the scientist as a self-promoting
- snake in And the Band Played On, an HBO movie about the AIDS
- epidemic.
- </p>
- <p> But Gallo's most serious problem was a probe by the Office of
- Research Integrity in the U.S. Department of Health and Human
- Services into charges of misconduct--chiefly that Gallo was
- guilty of deception in failing to give enough credit to the
- French for their role in finding HIV. Last week ORI abruptly
- dropped its case for lack of proof, giving Gallo a victory in
- his long battle for vindication. "I feel good, of course," he
- told TIME. "It's been tough. There were moments of personal
- harm, feeling down, wondering why this is all happening."
- </p>
- <p> All the fuss began when it was discovered in 1985 that the strain
- of HIV Gallo presented to the world the year before was virtually
- identical to a strain isolated by Montagnier in 1983. Since
- Gallo's lab and the Pasteur Institute cooperated regularly and
- swapped viral cultures, suspicion arose that Gallo had appropriated
- the French virus as his own. Gallo acknowledged that the two
- viruses were the same and that Montagnier had found it first.
- But Gallo maintained that his lab had independently isolated
- it from patients' blood samples, not stolen it out of one of
- Montagnier's samples. Furthermore, Gallo said, his team had
- done the bulk of the work that proved this virus caused AIDS.
- </p>
- <p> Even after the U.S. and France struck a deal to split patent
- royalties fifty-fifty, the controversy swirled on. Finally in
- 1991, when Gallo and Montagnier had their staffs again analyze
- the original HIV samples, the mystery was solved. The strain
- that Gallo had presented as the AIDS virus--and used to develop
- a blood test for the disease--had been accidentally contaminated
- by a virus from a French sample. Gallo insisted that this mistake
- did not diminish the achievements of his researchers, because
- they had also isolated several other strains of HIV.
- </p>
- <p> But the Office of Research Integrity was not convinced that
- Gallo had been completely candid every step of the way. It concluded
- in a report last December that Gallo had taken credit that belonged
- to the French and that one of his associates, Dr. Mikulas Popovic,
- had fudged evidence in a 1984 research article about methods
- of culturing HIV. The ORI report was the final blow for Popovic,
- whose reputation had already been so tarnished in the affair
- that he had been out of work for most of three years. He finally
- went to Sweden in August to get a job.
- </p>
- <p> After ORI's December verdict, lawyers for Gallo and Popovic
- moved to get the rulings overturned by an appeals board of the
- Department of Health and Human Services. Two weeks ago, that
- panel exonerated Popovic. "One might anticipate...after
- all the sound and fury, there would be at least a residue of
- palpable wrongdoing," the HHS board wrote. "That is not the
- case." Instead, the panel concluded, Popovic's unfamiliarity
- with English led the Czech-born researcher to make a couple
- of sloppy, but ultimately harmless mistakes.
- </p>
- <p> Once ORI officials realized how badly they had lost the Popovic
- case, they decided that they could not prevail against Gallo,
- and last week they withdrew the charges. Even so, they tried
- to put their own spin on the outcome and tweaked the HHS panel
- for, as they saw it, relaxing the rules against fraud. "It is
- clear that the panel now applies different standards from those
- applied by ORI to review findings of `scientific misconduct,'
- " said Lyle Bivens, who heads ORI. Although Bivens would not
- comment on whether he still believed misconduct had occurred,
- he declared he was "dismayed by the panel pronouncements."
- </p>
- <p> The reluctant decision by ORI to drop the accusations against
- Gallo will not immediately erase all the damage done to his
- reputation. He probably would have saved himself a lot of trouble
- if he had admitted the possibility of error and solved the puzzle
- of the contaminated lab samples years earlier than he did. But
- with the charges of wrongdoing dismissed, Gallo has the right
- to proclaim, "I have been completely vindicated." He can now
- hope that history will be kinder to the co-discoverer of the
- AIDS virus than the past nine years have been.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-